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Ideas from 'Critique of Pure Reason' by Immanuel Kant [1781], by Theme Structure

[found in 'Critique of Pure Reason' by Kant,Immanuel (ed/tr Guyer,P /Wood,A W) [CUO 1998,0-521-65729-6]].

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1. Philosophy / A. Wisdom / 1. Nature of Wisdom
5540 Cleverness is shown in knowing what can reasonably be asked
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 5. Aims of Philosophy / e. Philosophy as reason
5631 Reason is only interested in knowledge, actions and hopes
1. Philosophy / D. Nature of Philosophy / 7. Despair over Philosophy
5635 In ordinary life the highest philosophy is no better than common understanding
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 1. Nature of Metaphysics
21954 Metaphysics is a systematic account of everything that can be known a priori
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 2. Possibility of Metaphysics
7918 Kant turned metaphysics into epistemology, ignoring Aristotle's 'being qua being' [Macdonald,C]
21438 Metaphysics might do better to match objects to our cognition (and not start with the objects)
16611 You just can't stop metaphysical speculation, in any mature mind
5586 The voyage of reason may go only as far as the coastline of experience reaches
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 3. Metaphysical Systems
21462 It is still possible to largely accept Kant as a whole (where others must be dismantled) [Gardner]
5600 Human reason considers all knowledge as belonging to a possible system
21457 Reason has two separate objects, morality and freedom, and nature, which ultimately unite
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 5. Metaphysics beyond Science
9752 Kant showed that theoretical reason cannot give answers to speculative metaphysics [Korsgaard]
6584 A priori metaphysics is fond of basic unchanging entities like God, the soul, Forms, atoms… [Fogelin]
9349 A dove cutting through the air, might think it could fly better in airless space (which Plato attempted)
1. Philosophy / E. Nature of Metaphysics / 7. Against Metaphysics
12767 Kant exposed the illusions of reason in the Transcendental Dialectic [Fraassen]
1. Philosophy / F. Analytic Philosophy / 4. Conceptual Analysis
18259 Analysis is becoming self-conscious about our concepts
9350 Our reason mostly analyses concepts we already have of objects
5530 Analysis of our concepts is merely a preparation for proper a priori metaphysics
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 1. On Reason
5604 In reason things can only begin if they are voluntary
5622 The boundaries of reason can only be determined a priori
5623 If I know the earth is a sphere, and I am on it, I can work out its area from a small part
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 3. Pure Reason
5578 Pure reason deals with concepts in the understanding, not with objects
5628 Reason hates to be limited in its speculations
5603 Pure reason exists outside of time
5616 Pure reason is only concerned with itself because it deals with understandings, not objects
2. Reason / A. Nature of Reason / 4. Aims of Reason
18236 Reason keeps asking why until explanation is complete [Korsgaard]
21439 Religion and legislation can only be respected if they accept free and public examination
5584 All objections are dogmatic (against propositions), or critical (against proofs), or sceptical
2. Reason / B. Laws of Thought / 2. Sufficient Reason
5563 The principle of sufficient reason is the ground of possible experience in time
5565 Proof of the principle of sufficient reason cannot be found
2. Reason / C. Styles of Reason / 1. Dialectic
5602 The free dialectic opposition of arguments is an invaluable part of the sceptical method
2. Reason / D. Definition / 2. Aims of Definition
5618 Definitions exhibit the exhaustive concept of a thing within its boundaries
2. Reason / D. Definition / 13. Against Definition
5619 No a priori concept can be defined
2. Reason / E. Argument / 2. Transcendental Argument
22274 'Transcendent' is beyond experience, and 'transcendental' is concealed within experience [Potter]
5577 Transcendental ideas require unity of the subject, conditions of appearance, and objects of thought
23696 Transcendental cognition is that a priori thought which shows how the a priori is applicable or possible
2. Reason / E. Argument / 3. Analogy
5555 Philosophical examples rarely fit rules properly, and lead to inflexibility
3. Truth / C. Correspondence Truth / 1. Correspondence Truth
5539 We must presuppose that truth is agreement of cognition with its objects
4. Formal Logic / B. Propositional Logic PL / 2. Tools of Propositional Logic / e. Axioms of PL
5620 Philosophy has no axioms, as it is just rational cognition of concepts
5. Theory of Logic / A. Overview of Logic / 1. Overview of Logic
18794 Logic has precise boundaries, and is the formal rules for all thinking
5. Theory of Logic / I. Semantics of Logic / 2. Formal Truth
5542 There must be a general content-free account of truth in the rules of logic
5. Theory of Logic / L. Paradox / 3. Antinomies
21454 The battle of the antinomies is usually won by the attacker, and lost by any defender
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 2. Geometry
8739 Geometry studies the Euclidean space that dictates how we perceive things [Shapiro]
8740 Geometry would just be an idle game without its connection to our intuition
16899 Geometrical truth comes from a general schema abstracted from a particular object [Burge]
6. Mathematics / A. Nature of Mathematics / 5. The Infinite / c. Potential infinite
9632 Kant only accepts potential infinity, not actual infinity [Brown,JR]
6. Mathematics / B. Foundations for Mathematics / 3. Axioms for Geometry
3343 Euclid's could be the only viable geometry, if rejection of the parallel line postulate doesn't lead to a contradiction [Benardete,JA]
6. Mathematics / B. Foundations for Mathematics / 4. Axioms for Number / a. Axioms for numbers
8737 Kant suggested that arithmetic has no axioms [Shapiro]
5557 Axioms ought to be synthetic a priori propositions
6. Mathematics / C. Sources of Mathematics / 2. Intuition of Mathematics
12421 Kant's intuitions struggle to judge relevance, impossibility and exactness [Kitcher]
6. Mathematics / C. Sources of Mathematics / 4. Mathematical Empiricism / a. Mathematical empiricism
17617 Maths is a priori, but without its relation to empirical objects it is meaningless
6. Mathematics / C. Sources of Mathematics / 6. Logicism / d. Logicism critique
12458 Kant taught that mathematics is independent of logic, and cannot be grounded in it [Hilbert]
2795 If 7+5=12 is analytic, then an infinity of other ways to reach 12 have to be analytic [Dancy,J]
7. Existence / A. Nature of Existence / 1. Nature of Existence
4475 Saying a thing 'is' adds nothing to it - otherwise if my concept exists, it isn't the same as my concept
7. Existence / D. Theories of Reality / 2. Realism
7416 Kant is read as the phenomena being 'contrained' by the noumenon, or 'free-floating' [Talbot]
7. Existence / D. Theories of Reality / 4. Anti-realism
19386 Without the subject or the senses, space and time vanish, as their appearances disappear
21445 Even the most perfect intuition gets no closer to things in themselves
7. Existence / E. Categories / 1. Categories
21448 Categories are general concepts of objects, which determine the way in which they are experienced
5554 Categories are necessary, so can't be implanted in us to agree with natural laws
7. Existence / E. Categories / 2. Categorisation
6160 Does Kant say the mind imposes categories, or that it restricts us to them? [Rowlands]
8. Modes of Existence / C. Powers and Dispositions / 7. Against Powers
17772 Kant claims causal powers are relational rather than intrinsic [Bayne]
9. Objects / A. Existence of Objects / 1. Physical Objects
5533 Objects in themselves are not known to us at all
21449 The a priori concept of objects in general is the ground of experience
9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / a. Substance
5550 A substance could exist as a subject, but not as a mere predicate
9. Objects / B. Unity of Objects / 2. Substance / d. Substance defined
21451 All appearances need substance, as that which persists through change
5564 Substance must exist, as the persisting substratum of the process of change
9. Objects / E. Objects over Time / 1. Objects over Time
5626 An a priori principle of persistence anticipates all experience
9. Objects / F. Identity among Objects / 7. Indiscernible Objects
7576 The Identity of Indiscernibles is true of concepts with identical properties, but not of particulars [Jolley]
14509 If we ignore differences between water drops, we still distinguish them by their location
10. Modality / A. Necessity / 1. Types of Modality
18797 Modalities do not augment our concepts; they express their relation to cognition
10. Modality / A. Necessity / 7. Natural Necessity
5594 Natural necessity is the unconditioned necessity of appearances
10. Modality / B. Possibility / 1. Possibility
5566 Is the possible greater than the actual, and the actual greater than the necessary?
5613 The analytic mark of possibility is that it does not generate a contradiction
18795 A concept is logically possible if non-contradictory (but may not be actually possible)
10. Modality / C. Sources of Modality / 4. Necessity from Concepts
18796 Formal experience conditions show what is possible, and general conditions what is necessary
10. Modality / D. Knowledge of Modality / 1. A Priori Necessary
23461 Kant thought worldly necessities are revealed by what maths needs to make sense [Morris,M]
14710 Necessity is always knowable a priori, and what is known a priori is always necessary [Schroeter]
16256 For Kant metaphysics must be necessary, so a priori, so can't be justified by experience [Maudlin]
5524 Maths must be a priori because it is necessary, and that cannot be derived from experience
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 1. Knowledge
20944 Knowledge is threefold: apprehension, reproduction by imagination, recognition by concepts [Bowie]
5617 Knowledge begins with intuitions, moves to concepts, and ends with ideas
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 2. Understanding
15627 Kant showed that the understanding (unlike reason) concerns what is finite and conditioned [Hegel]
5573 Reason is distinct from understanding, and is the faculty of rules or principles
16898 Understanding essentially involves singular elements [Burge]
11. Knowledge Aims / A. Knowledge / 4. Belief / a. Beliefs
5634 Opinion is subjectively and objectively insufficient; belief is subjective but not objective; knowledge is both
11. Knowledge Aims / B. Certain Knowledge / 5. Cogito Critique
5590 'I think therefore I am' is an identity, not an inference (as there is no major premise)
11. Knowledge Aims / C. Knowing Reality / 2. Phenomenalism
5601 There are possible inhabitants of the moon, but they are just possible experiences
11. Knowledge Aims / C. Knowing Reality / 3. Idealism / a. Idealism
22003 We have no sensual experience of time and space, so they must be 'ideal' [Pinkard]
21456 Objects having to be experiencable is not the same as full idealism [Gardner]
21446 If we disappeared, then all relations of objects, and time and space themselves, disappear too
11. Knowledge Aims / C. Knowing Reality / 3. Idealism / b. Transcendental idealism
6909 In Kantian idealism, objects fit understanding, not vice versa [Feuerbach]
6910 Kant's idealism is a limited idealism based on the viewpoint of empiricism [Feuerbach]
21440 For Kant experience is either structured like reality, or generates reality's structure [Gardner]
22006 The concepts that make judgeable experiences possible are created spontaneously [Pinkard]
21442 'Transcendental' cognition concerns what can be known a priori of its mode
5568 We cannot know things in themselves, but are confined to appearances
5581 We have proved that bodies are appearances of the outer senses, not things in themselves
21956 Everything we intuit is merely a representation, with no external existence (Transcendental Idealism)
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 1. Nature of the A Priori
9156 Kant's shift of view enables us to see a priority in terms of mental capacity, not truth and propositions [Burge]
7575 A priori knowledge is limited to objects of possible experience [Jolley]
12414 A priori knowledge occurs absolutely independently of all experience
9351 One sort of a priori knowledge just analyses given concepts, but another ventures further
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 2. Self-Evidence
9348 Experienceless bodies have space; propertyless bodies have substance; this must be seen a priori
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 4. A Priori as Necessities
5404 Two plus two objects make four objects even if experience is impossible, so Kant is wrong [Russell]
9345 Propositions involving necessity are a priori, and pure a priori if they only derive from other necessities
16893 The apriori is independent of its sources, and marked by necessity and generality [Burge]
9347 A priori knowledge is indispensable for the possibility and certainty of experience
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 5. A Priori Synthetic
3342 Seeing that only one parallel can be drawn to a line through a given point is clearly synthetic a priori [Benardete,JA]
20943 Kant bases the synthetic a priori on the categories of oneness and manyness [Bowie]
5402 Kant showed that we have a priori knowledge which is not purely analytic [Russell]
5203 We can think of 7 and 5 without 12, but it is still a contradiction to deny 7+5=12 [Ayer]
5527 That a straight line is the shortest is synthetic, as straight does not imply any quantity
5528 That force and counter-force are equal is necessary, and a priori synthetic
5529 The real problem of pure reason is: how are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
5537 That two lines cannot enclose a space is an intuitive a priori synthetic proposition
5546 Are a priori concepts necessary as a precondition for something to be an object?
5558 7+5=12 is not analytic, because 12 is not contained in 7 or 5 or their combination
5624 We possess synthetic a priori knowledge in our principles which anticipate experience
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 6. A Priori from Reason
5571 Reason contains within itself certain underived concepts and principles
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 7. A Priori from Convention
5403 If, as Kant says, arithmetic and logic are contributed by us, they could change if we did [Russell]
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 8. A Priori as Analytic
5525 No analysis of the sum of seven and five will in itself reveal twelve
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 9. A Priori from Concepts
18262 For Kant analytic knowledge needs complex concepts, but the a priori can rest on the simple [Coffa]
5526 With large numbers it is obvious that we could never find the sum by analysing the concepts
12. Knowledge Sources / A. A Priori Knowledge / 10. A Priori as Subjective
5567 A priori the understanding can only anticipate possible experiences
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 2. Qualities in Perception / b. Primary/secondary
18264 We know the shape of a cone from its concept, but we don't know its colour
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 2. Qualities in Perception / d. Secondary qualities
5532 Colours and tastes are not qualities of things, but alterations of the subject
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 5. Interpretation
2774 Kant says the cognitive and sensory elements in experience can't be separated [Dancy,J]
12. Knowledge Sources / B. Perception / 6. Inference in Perception
23454 Appearances have a 'form', which indicates a relational order
12. Knowledge Sources / C. Rationalism / 1. Rationalism
5569 We cannot represent objects unless we combine concepts with intuitions
12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 2. Associationism
22005 Associations and causes cannot explain content, which needs norms of judgement [Pinkard]
23697 I exist just as an intelligence aware of its faculty for combination
12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 4. Pro-Empiricism
6577 For Kant, our conceptual scheme is disastrous when it reaches beyond experience [Fogelin]
12. Knowledge Sources / D. Empiricism / 5. Empiricism Critique
5538 Understanding has no intuitions, and senses no thought, so knowledge needs their unity
5559 Sensations are a posteriori, but that they come in degrees is known a priori
12. Knowledge Sources / E. Direct Knowledge / 2. Intuition
8736 Kantian intuitions are of particulars, and they give immediate knowledge [Shapiro]
13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 4. Foundationalism / f. Foundationalism critique
5541 A sufficient but general sign of truth cannot possibly be provided
13. Knowledge Criteria / B. Internal Justification / 5. Coherentism / a. Coherence as justification
7070 Kant says knowledge is when our representations sufficiently conform to our concepts [Critchley]
13. Knowledge Criteria / D. Scepticism / 1. Scepticism
4708 Kant thought he had refuted scepticism, but his critics say he is a sceptic, for rejecting reality [O'Grady]
13. Knowledge Criteria / D. Scepticism / 6. Scepticism Critique
5595 Scepticism is absurd in maths, where there are no hidden false assertions
5592 Scepticism is the euthanasia of pure reason
13. Knowledge Criteria / E. Relativism / 1. Relativism
6578 For Kant, experience is relative to a scheme, but there are no further possible schemes [Fogelin]
14. Science / A. Basis of Science / 6. Falsification
5629 If a proposition implies any false consequences, then it is false
15. Nature of Minds / A. Nature of Mind / 3. Mental Causation
5606 Freedom and natural necessity do not contradict, as they relate to different conditions
15. Nature of Minds / B. Features of Minds / 1. Consciousness / f. Higher-order thought
4086 Kant thought that consciousness depends on self-consciousness ('apperception') [Crane]
15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 1. Faculties
2869 Kant's only answer as to how synthetic a priori judgements are possible was that we have a 'faculty'! [Nietzsche]
9346 Judgements which are essentially and strictly universal reveal our faculty of a priori cognition
5572 Reason has logical and transcendental faculties
15. Nature of Minds / C. Capacities of Minds / 2. Imagination
22443 We are seldom aware of imagination, but we would have no cognition at all without it
16. Persons / B. Nature of the Self / 3. Self as Non-physical
5627 I can express the motion of my body in a single point, but that doesn't mean it is a simple substance
16. Persons / B. Nature of the Self / 4. Presupposition of Self
9751 To some extent we must view ourselves as noumena [Korsgaard]
21450 Representation would be impossible without the 'I think' that accompanies it
16. Persons / B. Nature of the Self / 7. Self and Body / a. Self needs body
5583 We need an account of the self based on rational principles, to avoid materialism
16. Persons / C. Self-Awareness / 2. Knowing the Self
5570 Self-knowledge can only be inner sensation, and thus appearance
16. Persons / C. Self-Awareness / 3. Limits of Introspection
5551 I have no cognition of myself as I am, but only as I appear to myself
16. Persons / D. Continuity of the Self / 2. Mental Continuity / c. Inadequacy of mental continuity
21452 I can only determine my existence in time via external things
5582 As balls communicate motion, so substances could communicate consciousness, but not retain identity
16. Persons / D. Continuity of the Self / 3. Reference of 'I'
2965 For Kant the self is a purely formal idea, not a substance [Lockwood]
16. Persons / D. Continuity of the Self / 7. Self and Thinking
5549 Mental representations would not be mine if they did not belong to a unified self-consciousness
16. Persons / F. Free Will / 1. Nature of Free Will
5596 We must assume an absolute causal spontaneity beginning from itself
16. Persons / F. Free Will / 4. For Free Will
9756 We must be free, because we can act against our strongest desires [Korsgaard]
5597 If there is a first beginning, there can be other sequences initiated from nothing
17. Mind and Body / A. Mind-Body Dualism / 1. Dualism
5585 Soul and body connect physically, or by harmony, or by assistance
17. Mind and Body / A. Mind-Body Dualism / 8. Dualism of Mind Critique
5630 Our concept of an incorporeal nature is merely negative
5589 Neither materialism nor spiritualism can reveal the separate existence of the soul
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 1. Thought
5556 A pure concept of the understanding can never become an image
18. Thought / A. Modes of Thought / 5. Rationality / a. Rationality
8687 Kantian 'intuition' is the bridge between pure reason and its application to sense experiences [Friend]
18. Thought / B. Mechanics of Thought / 2. Categories of Understanding
21759 Kant deduced the categories from our judgements, and then as preconditions of experience [Houlgate]
19655 Kant says we can describe the categories of thought, but Hegel claims to deduce them [Meillassoux]
5552 Categories are concepts that prescribe laws a priori to appearances
5544 Four groups of categories of concept: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Modality
5547 The categories are objectively valid, because they make experience possible
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 1. Concepts / a. Nature of concepts
17616 Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind
5553 Either experience creates concepts, or concepts make experience possible
5593 Reason generates no concepts, but frees them from their link to experience in the understanding
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 1. Concepts / c. Concepts in psychology
22004 Concepts are rules for combining representations [Pinkard]
5543 All human cognition is through concepts
18. Thought / D. Concepts / 4. Structure of Concepts / b. Analysis of concepts
8735 Kant implies that concepts have analysable parts [Shapiro]
19. Language / E. Analyticity / 1. Analytic Propositions
7314 How can bachelor 'contain' unmarried man? Are all analytic truths in subject-predicate form? [Miller,A]
20291 If the predicate is contained in the subject of a judgement, it is analytic; otherwise synthetic
20292 Analytic judgements clarify, by analysing the subject into its component predicates
8734 Non-subject/predicate tautologies won't fit Kant's definition of analyticity [Shapiro]
22. Metaethics / A. Ethics Foundations / 1. Nature of Ethics / a. Preconditions for ethics
5599 Without God, creation and free will, morality would be empty
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 1. Nature of Value / b. Fact and value
5576 We cannot derive moral laws from experience, as it is the mother of illusion
22. Metaethics / B. Value / 2. Values / a. Normativity
21455 We only understand what exists, and can find no sign of what ought to be in nature
23. Ethics / D. Deontological Ethics / 6. Motivation for Duty
5605 Moral blame is based on reason, since a reason is a cause which should have been followed
5632 Moral laws are commands, which must involve promises and threats, which only God could provide
23. Ethics / F. Existentialism / 5. Existence-Essence
6916 For Kant, essence is mental and a mere idea, and existence is the senses and mere appearance [Feuerbach]
24. Political Theory / D. Ideologies / 6. Liberalism / d. Liberal freedom
5575 An obvious idea is a constitution based on maximum mutual freedom for citizens
25. Social Practice / A. Freedoms / 6. Political freedom
5621 The existence of reason depends on the freedom of citizens to agree, doubt and veto ideas
26. Natural Theory / A. Speculations on Nature / 1. Nature
22052 Kant's nature is just a system of necessary laws [Bowie]
8256 Kant identifies nature with the scientific picture of it as the realm of law [McDowell]
26. Natural Theory / A. Speculations on Nature / 2. Natural Purpose / b. Limited purposes
5591 Reason must assume as necessary that everything in a living organism has a proportionate purpose
26. Natural Theory / A. Speculations on Nature / 7. Later Matter Theories / c. Matter as extension
5615 Extension and impenetrability together make the concept of matter
26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 8. Particular Causation / b. Causal relata
14560 A ball denting a pillow seems like simultaneous cause and effect, though time identifies which is cause
26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 9. General Causation / a. Constant conjunction
5545 Appearances give rules of what usually happens, but cause involves necessity
26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 9. General Causation / b. Nomological causation
9755 The concept of causality entails laws; random causality is a contradiction [Korsgaard]
17709 We judge causation by relating events together by some law of nature [Mares]
5562 Experience is only possible because we subject appearances to causal laws
26. Natural Theory / C. Causation / 9. General Causation / d. Causal necessity
5523 Causation obviously involves necessity, so it cannot just be frequent association
26. Natural Theory / D. Laws of Nature / 8. Scientific Essentialism / b. Scientific necessity
19669 For Kant the laws must be necessary, because contingency would destroy representation [Meillassoux]
19672 Kant fails to prove the necessity of laws, because his reasoning about chance is over-ambitious [Meillassoux]
27. Natural Reality / C. Space / 2. Space
17736 We can't learn of space through experience; experience of space needs its representation
5531 Space is an a priori necessary basic intuition, as we cannot imagine its absence
27. Natural Reality / D. Time / 1. Nature of Time / a. Absolute time
5536 If space and time exist absolutely, we must assume the existence of two pointless non-entities
27. Natural Reality / D. Time / 1. Nature of Time / c. Idealist time
5534 One can never imagine appearances without time, so it is given a priori
27. Natural Reality / D. Time / 2. Passage of Time / a. Experience of time
5535 That times cannot be simultaneous is synthetic, so it is known by intuition, not analysis
5560 The three modes of time are persistence, succession and simultaneity
27. Natural Reality / D. Time / 2. Passage of Time / b. Rate of time
5561 If time involved succession, we must think of another time in which succession occurs
28. God / A. Divine Nature / 6. Divine Morality / b. Euthyphro question
5633 We don't accept duties as coming from God, but assume they are divine because they are duties
28. God / B. Proving God / 1. Proof of God
5607 Only three proofs of God: the physico-theological (evidence), the cosmological (existence), the ontological (a priori)
28. God / B. Proving God / 2. Proofs of Reason / b. Ontological Proof critique
8451 Existence is merely derived from the word 'is' (rather than being a predicate) [Orenstein]
3321 Modern logic says (with Kant) that existence is not a predicate, because it has been reclassified as a quantifier [Benardete,JA]
13732 Kant never denied that 'exist' could be a predicate - only that it didn't enlarge concepts [Fitting/Mendelsohn]
5609 If 'this exists' is analytic, either the thing is a thought, or you have presupposed its existence
5608 Is "This thing exists" analytic or synthetic?
5610 If an existential proposition is synthetic, you must be able to cancel its predicate without contradiction
5611 Being is not a real predicate, that adds something to a concept
5612 You add nothing to the concept of God or coins if you say they exist
28. God / B. Proving God / 3. Proofs of Evidence / a. Cosmological Proof
5598 If you prove God cosmologically, by a regress in the sequences of causes, you can't abandon causes at the end